In this context, ruthenium oxide (RuO 2) has become a very important material owing to its potency as supercapacitor ( Zheng et al., 1995 Liu et al., 1997 Over, 2012) and as electrocatalyst for the OER ( Trasatti, 2000 Carmo et al., 2013). Many different materials have been investigated for this reaction ( Wang et al., 2018 Laha et al., 2019 Retuerto et al., 2019 Chen et al., 2020). In particular, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a challenging reaction with high activation overpotential and high potential conditions, leading to strongly oxidizing operating conditions for the anode materials. More developmental work on electrode materials, also known as electrocatalysts, is monumental because the electrodes determine the efficacy, feasibility, cost-effectiveness and durability of electrochemical processes ( Walsh, 2019). Electrodes (anode and cathode) constitute the important aspect of all electrochemical technological processes (water electrolysis, fuel-cell, redox batteries, fuel production from CO 2, etc.). Electrochemical energy storage and conversion technologies are therefore gaining importance due to the growing electric energy demand without impacting the greenhouse gas emission ( Badwal et al., 2015 Carmo and Stolten, 2019). Renewable energy sources such as hydroelectric, wind, solar and tidal powers have been improving constantly, despite these energies have supplied instabilities ( International Agency of Energy, 2019 Shariatzadeh et al., 2015). Structure-property correlation has been established to describe the higher electrocatalytic activity of A-C-RuO 2. Based on XRD, TEM, XPS and Raman characterizations performed on all the specimens, it is deduced that the physicochemical properties (crystallinity, mean crystallite size, level of hydrous rutile content) are varied for A-C-RuO 2 when compared to C-RuO 2. Improved performances towards the oxygen evolution reaction are observed for A-C-RuO 2 when compared to C-RuO 2. Electrocatalytic performances of H-RuO 2, C-RuO 2 and A-C-RuO 2 for the oxygen evolution reaction in 0.50 mol L −1 H 2SO 4 medium are evaluated and compared. Treatment of H-RuO 2 with 20 vol% ammonium hydroxide solution under microwave irradiation and calcination at 350☌ resulted in a highly electrocatalytic active crystalline RuO 2 nanoparticles (A-C-RuO 2). Calcination of H-RuO 2 at 350☌ resulted in the crystalline rutile RuO 2 nanoparticles (C-RuO 2). Ion exchange method as a green synthesis route is proposed to prepare hydrous ruthenium oxide nanoparticles (H-RuO 2). IC2MP, UMR 7285 CNRS-Université de Poitiers, Poitiers cedex, France.Abirami Devadas, Stève Baranton and Christophe Coutanceau *
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